Working of CD Rom

CD-ROM

Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, CD-ROM drives are CD players inside computers that can have speeds in the range from 1x and beyond, and have the capability of playing audio CDs and computer data CDs. Below is a picture of the front and back of a standard CD-ROM drive.

Interfaces

Below are the different types of Interfaces that allow a CD-ROM and other disc drives to connect to the computer.

• IDE / ATA - One of the most commonly used interfaces used still today to connect disc drives to the computer.
  
• Panasonic - Older proprietary interface.
  
• Parallel - Interface used with old external CD-ROM drives.
  
• PCMCIA (PC Card) - Interface sometimes used to connect external disc drives to laptop computers.
  
• SATA - Quickly replacing IDE as the new standard to connect disc drives.
  
• SCSI - It is highly recommended to get a card that matches the CD-ROM drive as some of the earlier drives had proprietary SCSI interfaces. Otherwise, a SCSI-2 card is recommended.
  
• USB - Interface most commonly used to connect external disc drives.
  

CD-ROM transfer speeds

Below is the standard transfer rates and access times of the majority of CD-ROM drives. The below figures are averages you can expect to find on each speed of CD-ROM drive. These averages may be slower or faster than your CD-ROM drive and to where the CD-ROM is accessing the data from the CD-ROM. In general the higher this number is the faster the transfer rate or in the case of a disc burner the faster the write rate.

Drive speed	Transfer rate (BPS)	Access time (ms)
Single-speed (1x)	153,600	400
Double-speed (2x)	307,200	300
Triple-speed (3x)	460,800	200
Quad-speed (4x)	614,400	150
Six-speed (6x)	921,600	150
Eight-speed (8x)	1,228,800	100
Ten-speed (10x)	1,536,000	100
Twelve-speed (12x)	1,843,200	100
Sixteen-speed (16x)	2,457,600	90
Eighteen-speed (18x)	2,764,800	90
Twenty-four-speed (24x)	3,686,400	90
Thirty-two-speed (32x)	4,915,200	85
One-hundred-speed (100x)	15,360,000	80
CAV drives (12x - 24x)	1,843,200 - 3,686,400	150-90

Working with CD-ROM Drives

How to Load/Unload a CD/DVD

If you've heard people talk about "mounting and unmounting volumes," when talking about Linux or Unix, you might be worried that using CDs or DVDs will be a cumbersome process. However, in Ubuntu loading and unloading a CD or DVD is done the same as you're probably used to in Windows. Simply put the disc in your drive, and Ubuntu will see that it's there, and act appropriately. It will create an icon on your desktop, for accessing the disc, and, depending on what type of disc it is, will launch an appropriate application for dealing with it. (e.g. it may launch your default music player, if it's an audio CD, or launch your default movie player, if it's a DVD.)

When you're done using the CD/DVD, just like in Windows, you can simply eject the disc from the drive. (The icon that had been created on the desktop will disappear.) Or, if you wish, you can right-click on the icon on the desktop, and choose Eject.

How to Erase a CD-RW/DVD-RW

If you have a rewritable disc, CD or DVD, you can erase it at the command line, by entering the following commands:

$ sudo umount /dev/cdrom

$ cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

ISO Files

There is a special type of file, called an ISO File, which is an image of a CD or DVD. (You can read more about ISO files on the wikipedia page.)

ISO files are handy for creating backups of your CDs/DVDs, or for distributing CDs/DVDs on the internet. For example, Ubuntu's installation CD can be downloaded from their website, as an ISO file.

How to Create an ISO Image of a CD/DVD

The easiest way to create an .iso file from a disc is to simply right-click the disc's icon on the desktop, and choose Copy Disk from the menu. Ubuntu will bring up a utility to copy the disc; in the Copy Disk To drop-down, choose File image. You can then choose a name and location for the .iso file you want to create.

If you have a DVD or data CD for which you'd like to make an image, you can also do it from the command line, by entering the following commands. Substitute the name of the file you want to create forfile.iso.

$ sudo umount /dev/cdrom

$ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

How to Create an ISO Image From the File System

You can create an ISO file without having an actual disc; you can simply choose a folder on your system which represents the ISO image to be created, and use the mkisofs command to create it.

Simply enter this command, substituting the name of the file you want to create for file.iso, and the full path of the folder for /location_of_folder/.

$ mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/

How to Burn an ISO Image to a CD/DVD

Simply right-click the .iso file, and choose Write to Disc->Write.

Mounting an ISO Image Without Burning It

You can actually mount an ISO image in the file system, as if it were on a CD or DVD, without actually burning it. This is the same effect as burning it to a disc and then putting the disc in your CD-ROM drive, except that you don't need to waste a disc.

This doesn't seem to work for audio CDs; only data CDs, or DVDs.

To Mount

To mount the image, enter the following commands, where, again, you would substitute the name of the file instead of file.iso.

$ sudo mkdir /media/iso

$ sudo modprobe loop

$ sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop

You now have your .iso file "mounted" on the file system, and can access it like any drive. There should even be an icon on the desktop, named "iso." If the .iso file is an image of a data CD/DVD, all you have to do is navigate to it like any other drive/folder on the system.

If the .iso file is an image of a DVD or a music CD, however, Ubuntu won't treat it quite like a normal disc — that is, when you mount it, Ubuntu won't automatically launch your DVD or CD player. You'll have to do that yourself.

For example, on my system, I use Totem to watch DVDs. In order to use Totem to view an .iso image, I'd use this command:

$ totem /media/iso

And I use Rhythmbox to listen to audio CDs, so in order to use that to listen to an audio CD, I'd enter:

$ rhythmbox /media/iso

You might use different applications to watch DVDs or listen to audio CDs; in that case, you'll have to examine the application's help to figure out how to launch it from the command line, and whether you'll have to do anything special to launch a mounted .iso image like this.

Some applications might even be able to read the .iso file directly, without having to mount it.

To Unmount

When you're finished with the "disc" you mounted, simply enter the following command, to un-mount it.

$ sudo umount /media/iso/

If you mounted the image to a different location from /media/iso/ then you'll have to enter that location here.

THE GREAT PEOPLE

some people think that they are great but i think great people ever doesn'n need to display their greatness because people alerady judge the great people , and they praise them in front and behind of his /her .thats person will never great who think he is great and he has strong intention that peple remember him as a great person

.he has just misconstruction about himself so he doesn't make any efforts that give himself a prominent position in socity or among his surrounding. if we talk about the great person in the context of history ,history has shown great peole doesn't hunger of fame but he simply did his work enthusiastically so their works are the most prominent in his respective field then this work gave him the title of "THE GREAT PEPOLE" from now he still alived in the heart of people ,this remembrance is transferring every coming next generation.

Really these people are role model for all those who want a great and do some productive work in his life.19n 1992 American historian Michael H. Hart wrote a book e

In1992 American historian Michael H. Hart wrote a book entitled the 100, which purported to provide "a ranking of the most influential persons in history." I thought it might be interesting to note his top ten picks.

rank	Name	Profession / reputation	Country	Died
1	Muhammad(P.B.U.H)	prophet and founder of the Islamic faith	Saudi Arabia	c.632
2	Sir Isaac Newton	scientist, pioneer of gravity, motion theories	Britain	1727
3	Jesus Christ	prophet and founder of Christianity	Palestine	c. 29 X
4	Gautama Buddha	founder of Buddhism	Nepal	c. 483 BC
5	Confucius	founder of Confucianism	China	c. 479 BC
6	St. Paul of Tarsus	Christian theologian influential in spreading Christianity outside of the Middle East	Turkey	c. 67
7	Tsai Lun	inventor of paper	China	121
8	Johannes Gutenberg	inventor of the printing press	Germany	1468
9	Christopher Columbus	explorer, first European to discover North America	Italy/Spain	1506
10	Albert Einstein	scientist, founder of theory of relativity	Germany	1955

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Jang Multimedia

Jang Multimedia